Toxicity of Formulated Systemic Insecticides Used in Apple Orchard Pest Management Programs to the Honey Bee (Apis mellifera (L.))

Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are one of the most important pollinating species flowering plants. Recently, populations honey have been declining due to a combination factors, including widespread use agricultural pesticides. Laboratory studies were conducted determine acute oral toxicity different formulated pesticides bee adults. In particular, we assessed two neonicotinoids (acetamiprid, Assail 30SG and thiamethoxam, Actara 25WDG) other systemic insecticide products (sulfoxaflor, Closer 2SC flupyradifurone, Sivanto 200SL), all which generally used in pest management programs commercial apple orchards Eastern United States. fed range doses each pesticide order create response curve, LC50, LC90, LD50 values determined. The formulation containing flupyradifurone as active ingredient was found be least toxic followed by formulations sulfoxaflor acetamiprid. obtained this study differ from testing only technical compounds, suggesting need evaluate while conducting ecotoxicological risk assessment.